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Modular platform for computer-system architecture research
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          Adding an instruction
          
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        Address space
        
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        Decoder
        
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        Instruction decoding
        
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          In Order
          
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        Instruction schedules &amp; pipeline definition
        
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        Resource request model
        
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          TraceCPU
          
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          O3
          
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          Documentation
          
      </a>
      
      
        <ul>
          
          
          
          
        
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/build-system/" title="Build System" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/build-system/">
        Build System
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/debugging/" title="Debugging" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/debugging/">
        Debugging
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/dependencies/" title="Dependencies" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/dependencies/">
        Dependencies
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/adding-cpu-model/" title="Howto add a CPU model" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/adding-cpu-model/">
        Howto add a CPU model
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/workload-automation/" title="Workload Automation" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/workload-automation/">
        Workload Automation
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/extras/" title="Adding Files to Build" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/extras/">
        Adding Files to Build
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/arch-state/" title="Architectural State" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/arch-state/">
        Architectural State
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/branch-delay-slots/" title="Branch-delay slots" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/branch-delay-slots/">
        Branch-delay slots
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/cache-replacement-policies/" title="Cache Replacement Policies" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/cache-replacement-policies/">
        Cache Replacement Policies
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/checkpoints/" title="Checkpoints" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/checkpoints/">
        Checkpoints
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/classic-mem-system/" title="Classic memory system" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/classic-mem-system/">
        Classic memory system
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/debugging-simulated/" title="Debugging simulated code" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/debugging-simulated/">
        Debugging simulated code
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/debugging-gdb/" title="Debugging w/gdb" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/debugging-gdb/">
        Debugging w/gdb
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/disk-images/" title="Disk images" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/disk-images/">
        Disk images
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/gpu/" title="GPU Models" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/gpu/">
        GPU Models
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/introduction/" title="Introduction" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/introduction/">
        Introduction
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/memory-system/" title="Memory system" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/memory-system/">
        Memory system
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/multi-programmed-workloads/" title="Multi-programmed workloads" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/multi-programmed-workloads/">
        Multi-programmed workloads
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/nic-devices/" title="NIC devices" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/nic-devices/">
        NIC devices
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/running/" title="Running gem5" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/running/">
        Running gem5
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/scripts/" title="Simulation Scripts" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/scripts/">
        Simulation Scripts
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/m5ops/" title="m5ops" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/m5ops/">
        m5ops
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/m5term/" title="m5term" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/m5term/">
        m5term
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/doxygen/" title="Doxygen Code Documentation" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/doxygen/">
        Doxygen Code Documentation
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/dyn-inst/" title="DynInst" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/dyn-inst/">
        DynInst
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/simpoints/" title="Simpoints w/gem5" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/simpoints/">
        Simpoints w/gem5
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/splash/" title="Splash" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/splash/">
        Splash
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/source-code/" title="Tour of sourcecode" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/source-code/">
        Tour of sourcecode
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/non-default-python/" title="Using a non-default Python" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/non-default-python/">
        Using a non-default Python
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/streamline/" title="Visualizing w/Streamline" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/streamline/">
        Visualizing w/Streamline
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/useful-external/" title="Useful external docs" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/useful-external/">
        Useful external docs
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/software_not_in_git/" title="Software not in git" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/software_not_in_git/">
        Software not in git
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/docs/alternate_source/" title="Alternate Sources" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/docs/alternate_source/">
        Alternate Sources
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
        
        </ul>
              
    </li>
  
 

          
          


 
  
    
    <li data-nav-id="/ruby/" title="Ruby Memory System" class="dd-item 
        
        
        
        ">
      <a href="/ruby/">
          Ruby Memory System
          
      </a>
      
      
        <ul>
          
          
          
          
        
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/cache-coherence-protocols/" title="Cache Coherence Protocols" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/cache-coherence-protocols/">
        Cache Coherence Protocols
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/memory-components/" title="Deprecated" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/memory-components/">
        Deprecated
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/directed-tests/" title="Directed tests" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/directed-tests/">
        Directed tests
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/gems-transition/" title="GEMS transition to gem5" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/gems-transition/">
        GEMS transition to gem5
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/garnet/" title="Garnet" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/garnet/">
        Garnet
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/garnet-2/" title="Garnet 2.0" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/garnet-2/">
        Garnet 2.0
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/garnet-standalone/" title="Garnet standalone" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/garnet-standalone/">
        Garnet standalone
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/interconnection-network/" title="Interconnection network" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/interconnection-network/">
        Interconnection network
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/mesi-two-level/" title="MESI two level" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/mesi-two-level/">
        MESI two level
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/mi-example/" title="MI example" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/mi-example/">
        MI example
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/moesi-cmp-directory/" title="MOESI CMP directory" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/moesi-cmp-directory/">
        MOESI CMP directory
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/moesi-cmp-token/" title="MOESI CMP token" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/moesi-cmp-token/">
        MOESI CMP token
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/moesi-hammer/" title="MOESI hammer" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/moesi-hammer/">
        MOESI hammer
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/modular-coherence/" title="Modular coherence" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/modular-coherence/">
        Modular coherence
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/network-test/" title="Network test" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/network-test/">
        Network test
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/ruby/" title="Ruby" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/ruby/">
        Ruby
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/ruby-network-test/" title="Ruby Network Tester" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/ruby-network-test/">
        Ruby Network Tester
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/ruby-random-test/" title="Ruby Random Tester" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/ruby-random-test/">
        Ruby Random Tester
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/slicc/" title="SLICC" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/slicc/">
        SLICC
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/ruby/simple/" title="Simple" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/ruby/simple/">
        Simple
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
        
        </ul>
              
    </li>
  
 

          
          


 
  
    
    <li data-nav-id="/faq/" title="FAQ" class="dd-item 
        
        
        
        ">
      <a href="/faq/">
          FAQ
          
      </a>
      
              
    </li>
  
 

          
          


 
  
    
    <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/" title="Benchmarks w/gem5" class="dd-item 
        
        
        
        ">
      <a href="/benchmarks/">
          Benchmarks w/gem5
          
      </a>
      
      
        <ul>
          
          
          
          
        
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/spec-2000/" title="SPEC2000" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/spec-2000/">
        SPEC2000
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/spec-2006/" title="SPECcpu2006" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/spec-2006/">
        SPECcpu2006
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/android-mashmellow/" title="Android Marshmallow" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/android-mashmellow/">
        Android Marshmallow
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/bbench/" title="BBench" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/bbench/">
        BBench
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/moby/" title="Moby" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/moby/">
        Moby
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/android-kitkat/" title="Android KitKat" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/android-kitkat/">
        Android KitKat
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/benchmarks/parsec/" title="PARSEC" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/benchmarks/parsec/">
        PARSEC
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
        
        </ul>
              
    </li>
  
 

          
          


 
  
    
    <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/" title="Previous Tutorials" class="dd-item 
        
        
        
        ">
      <a href="/tutorials/">
          Previous Tutorials
          
      </a>
      
      
        <ul>
          
          
          
          
        
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/isca-2018/" title="ISCA 2018" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/isca-2018/">
        ISCA 2018
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/dist-gem5/" title="ISCA2017 - distributed gem5" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/dist-gem5/">
        ISCA2017 - distributed gem5
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/isca-2015/" title="ISCA 2015 - 2nd User Workshop" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/isca-2015/">
        ISCA 2015 - 2nd User Workshop
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/micro-2012/" title="MISCO 2012 - 1st user workshop" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/micro-2012/">
        MISCO 2012 - 1st user workshop
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/isca-2011/" title="ISCA 2011" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/isca-2011/">
        ISCA 2011
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/isca-2006/" title="ISCA 2006" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/isca-2006/">
        ISCA 2006
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/arm-summit-2017/" title="ARM research summit 2017" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/arm-summit-2017/">
        ARM research summit 2017
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/asplos-2008/" title="ASPLOS 2008" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/asplos-2008/">
        ASPLOS 2008
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/ics-2018/" title="ISC-2018 Vector Architecture Exploration" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/ics-2018/">
        ISC-2018 Vector Architecture Exploration
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/tutorials/asplos-2017/" title="ASPLOS 2017" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/tutorials/asplos-2017/">
        ASPLOS 2017
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
        
        </ul>
              
    </li>
  
 

          
          


 
  
    
    <li data-nav-id="/developer/" title="Developer Documentation" class="dd-item 
        
        
        
        ">
      <a href="/developer/">
          Developer Documentation
          
      </a>
      
      
        <ul>
          
          
          
          
        
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/checker-cpu/" title="Checker CPU" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/checker-cpu/">
        Checker CPU
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/classic-memory-system/" title="Classic Memory System" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/classic-memory-system/">
        Classic Memory System
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/coding-style/" title="Coding Sytle" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/coding-style/">
        Coding Sytle
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/defining-cpu-models/" title="Defining CPU models" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/defining-cpu-models/">
        Defining CPU models
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/defining-isa/" title="Defining an ISa" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/defining-isa/">
        Defining an ISa
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/events/" title="Events" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/events/">
        Events
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/execution-basics/" title="Execution Basics" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/execution-basics/">
        Execution Basics
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/execution-tracing/" title="Execution Tracing" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/execution-tracing/">
        Execution Tracing
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/new-isa/" title="How to create an ISA" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/new-isa/">
        How to create an ISA
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/isa-code-parsing/" title="ISA code parsing" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/isa-code-parsing/">
        ISA code parsing
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/isa-description-system/" title="ISA description system" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/isa-description-system/">
        ISA description system
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/isa-parser/" title="ISA parser" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/isa-parser/">
        ISA parser
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/microcode-assembler/" title="Micro-code assembler" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/microcode-assembler/">
        Micro-code assembler
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/packet-command-attribute/" title="Packet command attributes" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/packet-command-attribute/">
        Packet command attributes
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/python-params/" title="Python Parameter Types" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/python-params/">
        Python Parameter Types
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/ref-counting/" title="Refcounted Pointers" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/ref-counting/">
        Refcounted Pointers
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/register-indexing/" title="Register Indexing" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/register-indexing/">
        Register Indexing
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/register-windows/" title="Register Windows" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/register-windows/">
        Register Windows
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/regression/" title="Regression Tests" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/regression/">
        Regression Tests
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/scons/" title="SCons" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/scons/">
        SCons
        
        </a>
    </li>
     
  
 

            
          
            
            


 
  
    
      <li data-nav-id="/developer/simple-thread/" title="SimpleThread" class="dd-item ">
        <a href="/developer/simple-thread/">
        SimpleThread
        
        </a>
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            <h1>Address space</h1>
          

        


<p>X86_64 is defined to support physical memory addresses up to 52 bits
long. Because M5 uses 64 bit integers for addresses, every physical
address has 12 extra bits which aren&rsquo;t directly accessible to the
software running on the simulated CPU. M5 uses those bits to
differentiate between different physical address spaces which are
allocated for various purposes. In order to maximize the space given to
the actual address portion of the address, the bits that select the
address space grown down from the MSB as they&rsquo;re allocated. In effect,
the index of the address space is just written into the most significant
bits of the address in reverse, with it&rsquo;s least significant bit in the
addresses most significant bit. The currently defined address spaces are
the following:</p>

<ul>
<li>0x0000000000000000 - Physical memory.</li>
<li>0x8000000000000000 - IO ports.</li>
<li>0xC000000000000000 - PCI config space.</li>
<li>0x2000000000000000 - The registers of all the local APICs. Each one
gets a 2 page chunk of this space.</li>
<li>0xA000000000000000 - Interrupt messages. Each APIC gets a portion of
this space as well. The various addresses work like memory mapped
registers and allow the APICs to send each other IPIs.</li>
</ul>


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